Relevance: GS Paper III
Introduction
The government’s priorities in implementing the National Policy on Biofuel were to find a solution to air pollution, maintain affordable transportation fuel prices, promote clean and sustainable fuels, move towards energy self-sufficiency, and reduce dependence on crude oil imports. Unfortunately, precious little has been done so far.
Fuel blending in India
- In the past, the government has dithered several times on the National Policy on Biofuels (NPB).
- In 2003, the Ethanol Blended Petrol Programme (EBP) focussed on 5% blending of molasses-based ethanol with petrol.
- By 2008, it pushed for the blending target to be 10%.
- Thereafter, the National Biodiesel Mission proposed a two-phase strategy for biodiesel production from Jatropha seeds to achieve a 10% blending mandate with diesel by 2012. These targets were not met.
- Yet, in 2009, the NPB proposed a revised target of 20% blending for ethanol and biodiesel by 2017. This is yet to be realised.
- Fuel blending with ethanol varies from 85% in Australia to vehicles run on 100% ethanol in Brazil, where the ethanol blending mandate is 27% . In contrast, India has an abysmal 2-4% blending rate and is woefully short of the original target of 5% due to the inconsistent supply of domestically produced ethanol.
- Many States like Odisha have not even started their innings on fuel blending.
Issues with the National Policy on Biofuels (NPB) 2018 - Against this backdrop of poor performance, the National Policy on Biofuels 2018 repeats the pattern of promising the moon and delivering little. There is no defined future road map for India in it.
- At a time when the World Health Organisation has already declared 14 Indian cities as among the most polluted in the world, it is surprising that the government is looking at sourcing untested technologies like the production of 2G ethanol.
- The policy is totally silent on octane, which has direct consequences on air quality and pollution as it assists in proper combustion of fuels, thereby affecting vehicular emissions.
- In the present-day scenario, petrol is blended with cancer-causing imported aromatics to boost octane rating. This has negative consequences on health.
- Like the NPB 2009, the NPB 2018 is overly ambitious. This is in light of the fact that the capability of 2G has not been realised till today. Therefore, completely relying on a mechanism which has not been proven commercially is flawed.
- Excessive expenditure from the exchequer is sought to be made by the NPB for a technology (production of 2G) which is untested and has not taken off commercially internationally. Why can we not exercise the option of 1G, which is a tried and tested mechanism and is available?
- Further, the ways in which companies are selected for driving the NPB agenda forward is odd. So far, there’s an investment of Rs. 10,000 crore to set up 12 2G biorefineries across 11 States. Apart from laying the foundation stone of one biorefinery in Bathinda, Punjab, nothing more has developed on this front.
- The government has signed six MoUs with oil marketing companies, of which three have been awarded to Praj Industries without any transparent process of selection.
- The burning issues of vehicular emission, fuel octane efficiency, rising fuel prices and air pollution remain largely unaddressed.
Advantages of blending with ethanol
- Appropriate blending of consistently available ethanol throughout the country will prevent octane savings to the tune of approximately Rs. 3,000 crore.
- Further, a consistent supply of ethanol will serve as a substitute for expensive and harmful imported aromatics like BTX. This will additionally contribute to foreign exchange savings worth approximately Rs. 1,500 crore since ethanol has an octane rating of 113, while the mandated octane rating for fuel is 91.
The way forward
- Merely increasing the price of ethanol by Rs. 3 and reducing fuel prices by a few paise will not help the current scenario. The government needs to roll back the increase of Central government taxes on fuel, which have doubled after 2014.
- The government also needs to demonstrate a clear thinking for increasing ethanol production to reduce oil imports and the current account deficit.
- If necessary, the government should look at importing ethanol in the interim, thereby creating consistency of supply, and providing relief from the pollution created by fossil fuel burning.
- Facilitating import of ethanol will make up for the inconsistency in the availability of domestic ethanol, thereby ensuring the accomplishment of the present blending mandate of 10% (E10).
Conclusion
The above corrections in policy will lead to lower fuel prices, cleaner air, foreign currency savings and efficiency in the oil economy.
