Editorial Simplified: Performing Moderately | GS – II

Relevance: GS Paper II (Polity and Governance)


Why has this issue cropped up?

Today (15th Sep), the world celebrates the 11th International Day of Democracy in pursuance of a UN resolution. This is an appropriate occasion to have a look at the state of democracy in South Asia, especially India.


The democratization of the world

  • The world saw a huge wave of democratization after World War II. The newly-liberated states in Latin America, Africa and Asia adopted democratic forms of government after centuries of colonial subjugation.
  • Today more people live under various forms of democracy than ever before. More than 120 of the 192 countries in the world have some form of democracy — only 11 parliamentary democracies existed in 1941. This indicates the appeal of democratic ideas and systems.
  • South Asia is home to 3 per cent of the world’s area and 21 per cent of the world’s population. It’s significant that 50 per cent of the world’s population living under some form of democratic rule resides in this region.

Real meaning of democracy

  • Democracy does not merely mean voting rights for people, it means empowering people by granting them equality.
  • It also means the creation of mechanisms to resolve differences through dialogue and with mutual respect and understanding.

Factors that make democracy popular

Some factors contribute to the popularity of democracies. These include:

  • transparency in political processes,
  • accountability of elected representatives,
  • basic freedoms for all citizens,
  • equal rights for women and minorities and
  • high rates of voter participation

The challenges

  • Despite the democratic upsurge, there are significant challenges like poverty, inequality, gender injustice, nepotism and corruption.
  • Elected despots and authoritarian leaders are weakening democracies across the world.
  • Political experts have argued that democratic values are on the decline, especially in the West.
  • One of the major challenges to democracy is people losing faith in it. There are many reasons for such disillusionment, including corruption, nepotism and unemployment. This often leads to people disengaging with key public policy issues which, in turn, makes those in power less accountable.

Democracy in South Asia

  • When it comes to representative government, India and Sri Lanka have maintained relatively high scores.
  • Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan have had periods of non-elected regimes.
  • The general trend in South Asia in this respect has, however, been positive.
  • With respect to ensuring fundamental rights, the region’s score matches that of Asia Pacific but it is slightly below the global average.
  • At the country level, Afghanistan and Nepal have seen the most improvement. Sri Lanka and Pakistan saw a slight decline in the 1970s and 1980s. India’s score has been stable since the late 1970s. However, a decline has been observed since 2015.
  • The region has the lowest scores in the world despite a slight improvement between 2012 and 2015.

Democracy in India

  • On yardsticks such as elected government, effective parliament and impartial administration, the country’s scores hover around the world average.
  • However, in the last decade, there has been a significant dip in the country’s record on civil liberties, personal integrity and security, freedom of association, media integrity, gender equality and basic welfare.
  • In fact, India’s performance on the yardstick to measure media integrity was better than the global and South Asian average between 1994 and 2012. However, the country’s score has fallen below the global and Asia-Pacific average in 2017. Given that a free and fair media is crucial to a meaningful democracy, this is a worrying tendency.
  • The Election Commission has played an important role in conducting free and fair elections in the country.
  • An independent judiciary is another reason for the resilience of democracy in India. The apex court has given judgments that keep a check on the government and ensure a transparent and accountable system.

Conclusion

India does have the highest rating among South Asian democracies. But its performances on several yardsticks makes it a flawed democracy. If we want the largest democracy to count among the world’s greatest, there must be serious introspection among all stakeholders.


 

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